Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique

Joseph Lister's Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi BalamuruganAH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877, in King's College and a boy had fractured his patella, also known as a kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. It was 1877 though– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. Wiring his patella required converting a simple fracture into a compound fracture deliberately, which was often associated with infection and even death (Cartwright, 2017). The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. His doctor, however, remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the most influential innovation in surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures.Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827, in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him how to use a microscope (Mental Floss, 2017). He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which further emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field, specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors in Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later became Syme's son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme. On their honeymoon, Lister and his wife visited French and German institutes that inspired Agnes Lister to become Joseph Lister's laboratory assistant. In Lister's early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the â€Å"mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation† (Cartwright, 2017). This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory, which was popular at the time, claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. At the time, miasma was thought to be the cause of spread of disease and infection. The origins of the miasma theory can be traced back to ancient China and Europe. Miasma is comparable to smoke, mist, or fog: air can carry miasma. Air carrying miasma was considered contaminated. The cause of miasma varied– some believed it was from moisture and heat while others thought it originated from rotting organic matter like dead insects. Early in his career, he had not believed in miasma. In dressing the wounds, Lister had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. He reasoned that if some wounds could be healed, it was highly unlikely that the â€Å"bad air† was the cause of disease and infection.Lister's first major surgery was on a woman named Julia Sullivan. Her drunk husband had stabbed her abdomen on a night out and her intestines were exposed. The injury had caused her to pass out. Joseph Lister was the only one present at the facility due to the odd hours (it was early in the morning). At this point of his career, he became house surgeon to Sir Erichsen when Lister's predecessor stepped down. He had only been in this position for a month when this incident occurred. He cleaned the wound with warm water, extended the cut on the abdomen, sutured the intestines, then sutured the abdomen with a single thread as opposed to multiple threads (Richardson ; Rhodes, 2013). This surgery was controversial at the time but it was effective. This manner of surgery is consistent throughout his career: unconventional, controversial, yet effective.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges until a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block at the infirmary(Pitt ; Aubin, 2012).Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur's paper on the germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection, as opposed to bad air as proposed by the miasma theory that was popular at the time. Lister hypothesized that the â€Å"same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis†. He postulated that sepsis was caused by â€Å"pollen-like dust† (Cartwright, 2017) . He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the patients of his ward for several years. The results of his technique was positive. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination were caused by â€Å"bad air†, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result, when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye. If they were not visible, they did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof of his technique being effective (Cartwright, 2017). He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased the efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid (Fulton, 2017). The Queen approved of Lister's methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the Queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds were less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. His work in antiseptic technique inspired the brand Listerine to name themselves after Joseph Lister. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to developing better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ideas and approach to antiseptic technique influence our culture and our behavior from our cleansing our mouths with mouthwash in the morning to disinfecting our clothing to using Bactine to disinfect cuts and minor open wounds. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurrence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September  12). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerCartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art': How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-saferPitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Richardson, R., ; Rhodes, B. (2013, December 20). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826195/Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Joseph Lister's Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi Balamurugan AH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877 in King's College and a boy had fractured his patella, or kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. But it was 1877– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. Wiring his patella entailed a deliberate conversion of a simple fracture into a compound fracture, which were often associated with infection and even death. The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. But his doctor remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the influential innovation surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures. Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827 in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him natural history and how to use a microscope. He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field-specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors with Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later becomes Syme's son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme.In his early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation. This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. But in dressing the wounds, he had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. Early in his career he had not believed in miasma, a popular theory of the time in the medical field.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges till a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block.Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur's paper on germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection. Lister hypothesized that the same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis. He postulated that sepsis was caused by pollen-like dust. He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the the patients of his ward for several years. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination was caused by â€Å"bad air, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye, and hence did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof. He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid. The queen approved of Lister's methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds was less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to develop better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September 12).RetrievedMarch 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerScience Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlisterPitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Cartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister.Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica. com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art': How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-safer

The Hijras of India

The hijras of India are unlike any you might see in any other part of the world. You might have occasionally come across men dressed as women, wearing garishly bright makeup. They immediately attract attention to themselves for all the wrong reasons and most often win ridicule. We are really not sure if eunuch, transvestite, gay or transgender is actually the right term for a hijra as their social mores are very unique and are almost above classification by western terms.One can attempt to know them by their social mores rather than by classification by taxonomy, so here goes: Who is a hijra? Is there no western classification to this transgender from India? Because of a lack of proper english definition, most research points to hijras associated with a matriarchal, hierarchical clan that encompasses LGBT orientations. Some relevant points here to help you understand who a hijra really is: 1. There are more than a million hijras in India, the largest presence in any country! . Hijras live in clans or all-male hijra communities. The hierarchical head of such a community is called a guru. The followers are chelas. The gurus and chelas live in harmony. 3. In larger cities, like Delhi and Mumbai, hijra communities could coalesce based on language and caste but they are mostly secular in their views on everything. 4. Their sharp clapping conveys their presence and orientation quickly to the normal folks. The clap I demonstrate in the audio is simply limp and incorrect.The hijra’s clap is a distinct horizontal flat palms striking against and perpendicular to each other, with fingers spread, as opposed to the common applause-style, vertical palm & closed fingers strike. I believe this is an extension to their physiological identity. It communicates ‘I am, who I am’. There is a sense of instant identification of the community they belong to. Sociologists actually think there are subtle variations in the ‘taal’ of the hijra’s clap that, apart from controlling the attention of ‘normals’ like us, are also used for internal codified messages.Modern hijras maybe dropping this unique aural identifier to possibly naturalize themselves into the rest of society. Apart from it being somewhat aurally arresting, the visual beauty of the henna design on their hands gets a resounding slap and abruptly snaps it out of it’s intended accent on their femininity. This could well be the reason why an activist, Laxmi Narayan Tripathi discourages the continuing use of the hijra clap, as it has come to only signify begging and extortion. 5. According to Indian surveys, less than 10% of the hijras are castrated . Castration is a hijra’s ultimate form of liberation. Either through a legal gender reassignment by a qualified doctor or an illegal unhygienic, and painful excision by another designated hijra spiritual head. The latter, can often lead to death, but is considered a pure form of nirwaan. Those wh o have undergone and survived the barbaric excision are accorded greater respect in the hijra community. Thankfully, contrary to popular myth, only 10% are actually castrated. Woefully, the deaths due to illegal excisions are not registered. 7.It is believed that because of their unique gender liminality, they have the power to express boon or bane to the recipient. Often called to celebrate weddings and births of newborns. 8. In a successful employment and empowerment scheme, they accompanied Indian tax collectors in the year 2005 and had a revenue share of 4% of the collections attributable to their skills. A euphemism for exhortation, if you ask me, both by the hijras and the tax collectors! 9. Unlike their western counterparts, they are neither men nor women and do not attempt to pass as one.I have a problem with this concept, as they do pick a dominant gender role, when they seek partnership. 10. The Aruvanis of Tamil Nadu have also stated that they do not like to be labeled as ‘hijras’ but as transgendered females. This is cause for some confusion. Was it due to social stigma associated by the term? 11. Most often, hijras are born male but aspire to be women and yearn for a man’s love. 12. Most of the hijras are poor and are discriminated against. They are not gainfully employed and will resort to beg or extort for money and are given to sex work. 3. Because of the lack of jobs many hijras are forced to prostitution and have higher rates of prevalence of HIV within their communities. ** 14. NGO’s employ hijra activists to ensure that their fundamental human rights are not violated. Illegal police custodies and lock-ups of hijras are quickly dealt with by the NGOs. One such promising NGO that has done stellar work with the hijra communities is SANGAMA in Bangalore. ** Sangama was set up in 1999 and is funded by the Bill Gates Foundation and the Fund for Global Human Rights among others.As well as organising protests and rallies, groups like Sangama have been instrumental in establishing community networks with monthly meetings and safe spaces such as drop-in centres for all sexual minority groups. Two thirds of their spending goes towards fighting against the spread of HIV infection through awareness programmes and condom distribution. According to Sangama, approximately 18-20 per cent of hijras are HIV positive. â€Å"Four years ago,† Rex says, â€Å"there were three to four AIDS deaths every month [in Bangalore], now there are three to four deaths every year. † http://petervas. wordpress. com

Confirming Alzehimer’s Disease

Running head: Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease Carissa Davis Walden University Diagnosis and Assessments 6720 Confirming Alzheimer’s Disease The Forgetful Mail Carrier Han’s is a 66 year old retired government worker that has been dealing with issues related to his memory. Han’s retired at the age of 60 because he could no longer perform his duties at work properly. The problems with his work performance had been an issue for five years before his retirement. At the age of 62, he could not remember the way home while leading a hike in an area he was familiar with and knew well.Over time his memory problems have become more noticeable and he even has failed to recognize good friends. He has become more and more quiet, given up his hobbies and lost interest in the newspaper and television. His wife is not comfortable leaving him alone because of his memory issues (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley, 2010). Confirm Diagnosis Dem entia of the Alzheimer Type is a diagnosis of exclusion, other causes for the cognitive deficits must be ruled out first (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).This diagnosis is normally given after all other potential causes are ruled out by medical and family history, along with a physical examination including laboratory test in some cases (Butcher, Mineka, ;amp; Hooley). Han’s has no sign of a medical condition that would be a factor in his memory failure. Han’s symptoms do not fit diagnostic criteria (C) for vascular dementia or other dementias due to other general medical conditions (APA). After the other possible diagnoses are ruled out then I must insure that Han meets the criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer type.Hans’ memory failures meet the criteria for A1. His inability to find his way home in an area that he has lived for 40 years meets the criteria for 2(d). The next criteria for this diagnoses requires that the cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represents a significant decline for a previous level functioning (APA, 2000). The fact that his memory failure required him to retire early shows a significant impairment in occupational functioning.Han not recognizing his close friends and giving up hobbies shows a significant impairment in social function. There are standardized published rating scales that can be used to measure the severity of impairment (APA, 2000). Criteria D requires cognitive deficits in A1 and A2 are not caused by other central nervous system conditions (1), systemic conditions that are known to cause dementia (2) or substance induced conditions (3). The information that I have would lead me to believe that this clients condition is not related one, two or three of criteria D.Criteria E requires that the deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium, which they do not (APA). Criteria F requires the disturbance not to better accounted for by another disorder (APA). This is an area that I felt another disorder might need to be considered. The fact that Han has begun to speak less and less, given up his hobbies, has not interest in the newspaper or televisions could be cause to diagnosis him with Major Depressive Disorder due to Alzheimer’s with depressive features, 293. 83 (APA). This could be listed along with 294. 10 Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type with early onset.The early onset needs to be the specify subtype because is memory failure began before the age of 65. Counseling There is no treatment or cure for Alzheimer’s disease that will reverse the loss that this disease causes. The treatment that is used is to work the clients and their families to diminish agitiation and aggression in the patients. Also to help the family deal with the stress of caring for a family member who is suffering from this disease. As a counselor I would help this client reduce frustration and embarrassment that they might feel because of this disease.In this type of situation I would see my professional services helping the family of the client. Taking care of a loved one that is suffering from Alzheimer’s can be stressful and demanding. Helping caregives learn how to distress and cope the stress will benefit them along with the person they was caring for.References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). DSM-IV-TR. Arlington, VA: Author. Butcher, J. N. , Mineka, S. , ;amp; Hooley, J. M. (2010). Abnormal psychology (14th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn ;amp; Bacon.

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement

11 Things You Should Put in a College Roommate Agreement When you first move in with your college roommate (either in an apartment or in the residence halls), you may want- or have- to set up a roommate agreement or roommate contract. While not usually legally binding, roommate agreements are an excellent way to make sure that you and your college roommate are on the same page about the everyday details of living with someone else. And while they may seem like a pain to put together, roommate agreements are a smart idea. There are a variety of ways you can approach a roommate agreement. Many agreements come as a template and can provide you with general areas and suggested rules. In general, though, you should cover the following topics: 1. Sharing Is it okay to use each others stuff? If so, are some things off limits? What happens if something breaks? If both people are using the same printer, for example, who pays to replace the paper? The ink cartridges? The batteries? What happens if something gets broken or stolen on somebody elses watch? 2. Schedules What are your schedules like? Is one person a night owl? An early bird? And whats the process for someones schedule, especially in the morning and late at night? Do you want some quiet time when you get done with class after lunch? Or time to hang out with friends in the room? 3. Study Time When does each person study? How do they study? (Quietly? With music? With the TV on?) Alone? With headphones? With people in the room? What does each person need from the other to make sure they get adequate study time and can keep up in their classes? 4. Private Time Its college. You and/or your roommate might very well be dating someone - and want time alone with him or her. Whats the deal with getting time alone in the room? How much is OK? How much advance notice do you need to give a roommate? Are there times when its not OK (like finals week)? How will you let each other know when not to come in? 5. Borrowing, Taking or Replacing Something   Borrowing or taking something from your roommate is practically inevitable over the course of the year. So who pays for it? Are there rules about borrowing/taking? For example, its OK to eat some of my food as long as you leave some for me.   6. Space This may sound silly, but think - and talk - about space. Do you want your roommates friends hanging out on your bed while youre gone? At your desk? Do you like your space neat? Clean? Messy? How would you feel if your roommates clothes started sneaking over to your side of the room? 7. Visitors When is it OK to have people hanging out in the room? People staying over? How many people are OK? Think about when it would or wouldnt be all right to have others in your room. For example, is a quiet study group OK late at night, or should no one be allowed in the room after, say 1 a.m.? 8. Noise Do both of you like the default to be quiet in the room? Music? The TV on as background? What do you need to study? What do you need to sleep? Can someone use earplugs or headphones? How much noise is too much? 9. Food Can you eat each others food? Will you share? If so, who buys what? What happens if someone eats the last of an item? Who cleans it? What kinds of food are OK to keep in the room? 10. Alcohol   If youre under 21 and get caught with alcohol in the room, there can be problems. How do you feel about keeping alcohol in the room? If youre over 21, who buys the alcohol? When, if at all, is it OK to have people drinking in the room? 11. Clothes This ones a biggie for women. Can you borrow each others clothes? How much notice is needed? Who has to wash them? How often can you borrow things? What kinds of things cant be borrowed? If you and your roommate cant quite figure out where to get started or how to come to an agreement on many of these things, dont be afraid to talk to your RA or someone else to make sure things are clear from the beginning. Roommate relationships can be one of the highlights of college, so starting strongly from the beginning is a great way to eliminate problems in the future.

The Development Of Gender Identity Essays

The Development Of Gender Identity Essays The Development Of Gender Identity Paper The Development Of Gender Identity Paper The development of gender identity is a notion explored greatly through the social sciences, with emphasis being placed on anthropology, philosophy, psychology and sociology. This essay is going to discuss the development of gender identity through psychological works, with reference to the nature/nurture debate. In order to do this, the essay will be broken down into specific sections. Initially, the themes outlined in the title will be individually explored to offer their definitions. Secondly, the essay will move on to look at the varying schools of thought within psychology surrounding gender identity development, where the essay will cite some key thinkers and their theories. Thirdly, the essay will move on to combine the notion of gender identity development with the nature/nurture debate to discuss and express any correlations between them. The essay shall then be wrapped up by way of a summary of the undertaken works, as a way of creating a conclusion. The essay shall now explore the themes within the title, to offer definitions. Gender, in its common usage is the term used to denote the distinction males and females in accordance with anatomical sex. The term is often used interchangeably with the term sex when discussing anatomical differences, however, depending on the approach taking, the definition of gender changes. For example, sociologically, gender refers to the socialised attributes of being masculine, feminine or androgynous, which is in keeping with the notion of ones own gender identity. Gender identity, is considered to be subjectively experienced, rather than being physically acted out. The nature/nurture debate is the endeavour to discover the extent to which human behaviour is the result of hereditary or innate factors (nature) or are they determined by environmental and learning factors (nurture). Historically, each side of the debate has had its support, however, it is difficult to assess the contributions of each as both interact throughout human development. The essay shall now tackle the psychological theories surrounding gender identity development. Psychodynamic theory is a label given to all psychological systems, and theories, which place emphasis upon the processes of change and development. Stemming from the works of Sigmund Freud, psychodynamic theory takes in to account both nature and nurture in the development gender identities. The nature side of the debate is represented through the innate sexual drives possessed by all human beings that motivate much of human behaviour. However, these sexual drives do not outwardly influence gender identity development. Instead the nurturing element arises through the phallic stage of Freudian psychosexual development. In this stage the Childs resolution of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls identifies the beginning of appropriate gendered behaviours. The Oedipus complex is a label that describes the attraction between a male child and his mother. The Electra complex labeled the attraction between a female child and her father. The essence of these discoveries was the sexual attraction to the opposite sex and the hostility toward the same sex. The premise is that the child will take on board the patterns of behaviour, appropriate to and reinforce masculine and feminine behaviours to the child. Social learning theory is a psychological approach to the study of social behaviours. The premise of this theory is that of role observation, and the mimicking of behaviours, known as operant conditioning and vicarious learning, respectively. Applied to gender development by Bandura and Mischel; Social learning theory stresses many important factors in the development of gender identity; these include reinforcement, observational learning, modelling and imitation. Social learning theory incorporates both notions of primary and secondary socialisation, including parents, peers and the mass media as important for gender identity development. Cognitive development theories stem from the works of Jean Piaget. Piaget was one of the first psychologists to look at the way in which children think and reason. Despite moves in the 1960s and 70s to revaluate his theories, many of his basic principles and assumptions have been empirically supported to be correct. Piagets works identified that children look only at a superficial level, focusing on surface appearances rather than looking for more depth. Piagets works were greatly extended by Kohlberg to explain the development of gender concepts Kohlberg argued that an important factor in a childs development of gender concepts is the acceptance that it is fixed and unchanging regardless of surface appearances. Kohlberg advocates that a child must develop through three stages to understand gender initially children do not use gender in any way, to categorise themselves or others. The first stage (1) occurs at the age of two years, at this point a child can consistently an accurately label themselves and others as male or female, however, this categorisation is based on physical appearances and symbols such as clothing and facial hair. Stage 1 is regarded as gender identity. Stage 2 begins at the age of 3 4 years, a child now understands that that if someone is male or female then there were previously male or female and will continue to be male or female, therefore the child realises that gender is stable across time. Stage 2 is regarded as gender stability. Despite the childs appreciation of gender stability, they still place emphasis on symbols as masculine or feminine for example toys, if a boy is playing with a doll, a toy recognised as female then the child is unable to determine whether the child is male or female, the resolution of this comes into effect in stage 3. Occurring at the ages of around 5 years, the child realises that gender is constant and consistent across both time and situations, the child now realises that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. Stage 3 is known gender constancy. As well as theories arising from Psychodynamic psychology, social learning theory and cognitive theories, there are also notions for the biological perspective and humanistic theory. The theoretical approaches above support differing approaches in relation to the nature/nurture debate. The essay will now explore these to express their standpoints and cite any correlation. In brief, these theories assume different positions within the nature/nurture debate as follows. Psychodynamic theory stands very much in the middle, accepting the importance of both innate and environmental factors in the development of gender identities, Freud famously quoted anatomy is destiny, yet speaks extensively of the importance of relationships with the same-sex parent. Social Learning Theory is in keeping with the nurture side of the debate, promoting the importance of all environmental factors, through reinforcement and modelling of acceptable gender appropriate behaviours. Outlining the importance of socialisation in the home (primary) and secondary through peers and the mass media. Cognitive Development Theories are in keeping with the nature side of the debate, where, in Kohlbergs view, gender development occurs through the resolution of three stages where at the end of stage three the child is able to determine that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. In conclusion, this essay has discussed the development of gender identities. To summarise the works undertaken, initially definitions were offered of the themes in the essay title, which then moved on to discuss the psychological works of Psychodynamics, Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theories, writing in relation to the nature/nurture debate. Despite there being many more theories of gender identity development, certain aspects were omitted in order to reflect on different positions in the nature/nurture debate. As well as issues such as sexual orientation and androgyny were also over looked. Despite strong arguments arising from each theory, it is difficult to accurately and empirically deduce the exact role of nature or nurture in the development of gender identities as both are constantly interacting throughout ones own life, and at a time of radical social changes (from the writing of these theories), with immense family diversity including single parent and same sex families.

Word Choice There, Their and Theyre - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice There, Their and Theyre - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: There, Their and Theyre When writing, its easy to confuse the words there, their and theyre since they sound similar when spoken. Moreover, these words will not always be picked up by your spellchecker if used wrongly, so its easy for errors to creep into your work. How, then, can you make sure youve used them correctly in your work? Read on to find out! There (Location or Position) There is used to indicate the place of something. We can thus use it to refer to something in our immediate vicinity: Not the red car. I mean the green car over there. Or to refer to a place previously mentioned in the conversation: India? No, Ive never been there. It can also be used with the verb are to assert the existence of something: There are several cinemas in New York. Or to ask a question about whether something is present or existing: Is there a burger bar somewhere around here? Their (Possession) Their is a pronoun used to indicate third-person, plural possession. This means that it is used when describing something that belongs to a group of things or people: This is their ball; youd better give it back. You know its winter when the trees lose their leaves. Remember that the word theirs is a pronoun and used in the same way as his or hers. You do not need to add an apostrophe to show possession! Theyre (They Are) The apostrophe in theyre indicates that this is a contraction of they are: Theyre going to win the game. I think theyre coming over tonight. Its worth noting that contractions like theyre are often considered informal, so you should make sure to write they are in academic or professional documents. To check your writing for mistakes like these, why not send it to the professionals at Proofed?

Beginning to Navigate Professor Ramos Blog

Beginning to Navigate Growing up, knowing how to drive has always been a huge responsibility in my eyes. As a little girl, I’ve always wanted to learn because driving could get you places in life and it gave you a type of freedom. Watching my older brother and his experiences in driving gave me motivation to want to learn already. I remember when my brother took his behind the wheel test he was nervous but ready. He passed his first time and that gave me a spark of inspiration to start reading the rules and signs of the road at an early age. I would tell my mom â€Å"I’m going to be ready for that test!† I dont know why I really thought my thirteen year old brain would be prepared for a permit test. My mom explained to me the process into getting my driver’s license and I also remember thinking to myself that it would be a piece of cake and I would have it as soon as possible. Of course though, I procrastinated and got my drivers license a couple of months after I turned eighteen. My older brother got his a month after he turned eighteen. I also procrastinated in studying for my permit test. I was taking practice tests and watching YouTube videos on the questions and answers in while waiting in line. At the time, I didn’t need to know how to drive, just the rules of the road. However, since I passed my permit test, I was able to drive with an adult with a license. In that case, I practiced driving with my mom or dad in the car. My mom expected a lot more from me than my dad did. She was harder on me and her tone of voice would become feisty. I get that she wanted me to take this seriously, she wanted me to be careful, and she didn’t want me to fuck up but I did not enjoy her teaching me. Not following the rules of the road could cause in me or another person being in an accident. She cared too much which isn’t always a bad thing but I wish she had understood that I was learning and was not familiar with some signs and rules. Also, it takes practice to accurately know how much you need to press on the brake and pedal. She always gave me shit for it because I sucked at braking. Learning to drive with my mom was tough love but I did get something from it. She constantly told me â€Å"You need to be careful when you drive because your life and someone else’s is at risk.†Ã‚   Driving with my dad on the other hand was better for my learning experience because he was calm and patient with me and demanding when he needed to be. We would practice in Mentone because the roads were pretty long, there werent many cars, no traffic and very few traffic lights. We mostly practiced on my turning and my parking. When parking, using your mirrors and knowing the dimension of the car was very important. Since I wasn’t used to using my mirrors, that took me the most practice.We drove around some neighborhoods and drove in the REV parking lot. We were driving around pretty slow and for a while in the same neighborhoods. I remember we parked in front of a nice house and this guy came out and was looking at our car so I took action and left. I remember my dad said â€Å"He probably thinks we’re planning to rob him.† but in spanish. He constantly reminded me to check my mirrors and look over my shoulders. Looking over my shoulders was something new to me , which is also known as checking your blind spot. This reduces the chance of hitting a car when I change lanes. Little by little I was progressing and we started going to where there was more cars. Of course I was nervous but since my dad understood what it felt like to be in my place, that was everything to me. It got easier to remember to start the car and check my mirrors. Every now and then I would drive with my mom but most of the time it was with my dad. Now, I just do it without even thinking about it. It just becomes a habit and a lot of drivers can relate to that too. I’ve always considered enrolling in driving school but it was expensive. My mom would always tell me â€Å"You should wait until you are old enough to receive your permit and then get your license at eighteen.† Even though I wish I had my driver’s license, it was nice to have a couple days left without making errands. Times I needed to have my driver’s license the most was when it would be time to get picked up from soccer practice. I played soccer for my highschool and I would feel embarrassed that I didn’t have my license. All the seniors and juniors had their license and â€Å"there I am† just another procrastinator. My friend Karina, who I was always with during soccer, also helped me with driving. She gave me advice on what to do when a certain situation happens and how to parallel park. She told me which DMVs were worth going and which weren’t. It was worth going to the DMV in Redlands rather than the one in Banning because in Ba nning, the streets were difficult to read. Karina said â€Å"You can’t see the lines for shit and the road is so bad.† Even though at the DMV in Redlands always has traffic, it’s better to go there. She had her license for a little over a year and most of my other friends didn’t so she was the go to person about driving anyways. When she told me about parallel parking, she said â€Å"You need to pull up next to the car that will be in front of you and constantly check your rear view mirrors. You need to turn the wheel all the way to the right, if you want to park on the right side, then start going in reverse and adjust whatever you need to start closing in.† She mentioned that it takes a lot of patience and that you need to know the dimension of the car. Exactly what my dad said. To know the dimensions of your car is important because that will help a lot with knowing how much space you have left. The people who have helped me played an important part in my learning experience. Everyday I’m thankful to be able to drive because it gets me to places and I will be able to teach and give advice to someone who needs it.